Summer House

WorldWideAddiction.com — Substance Addiction has been recognized "officially" as a disease for many years now, but there is still a great deal of ignorance on the subject -even amongst the medical profession.

Addicts/alcoholics (people tend to separate the two, but from here on in I will use the term "addict" to cover the broad range of substance abusers) are seen as weak people with no will-power.

Want to know what will-power is?

It is waking up in the morning, so nauseous that you race to the bathroom and don’t know which end to use first! After that initial wake-up purge, you then make your way shivering and shaking into the kitchen and drink an open, flat, warm beer that has a cigarette butt floating in it. Or because you are shaking so much, you drink that warm white wine that has been sitting out all night, through a straw since you can’t hold a glass! You do this, choking back the bile that is rising in your throat, because you know that the only way to begin functioning again on some sort of level is to try and build up the alcohol in your system before you take a seizure.

Do you think drinking methylated spirits at 5am in the morning is an easy thing to do?

I have known many addicts whose veins in their arms and legs are so damaged, that they inject themselves in their eyeballs. Because going without their "hit" is a far worse option.

Addicts have plenty of will-power…….

…it’s just focused in the wrong direction. Recovery teaches them us to refocus energy.

Back to the disease concept. Addiction is classified as a disease because it meets the criteria of all other terminal diseases:

- It has pattern of symptoms which are similar across all types of substance abuse

- It is a chronic condition. It doesn’t go away.

- It is progressive. Addiction only gets worse with continued use, and ends with death.

- The person is subject to relapse. In Australia, 66% of addicts who are lucky to live long enough to make it to detox will eventually die as a direct result of the disease.

- It is treatable. Here’s the good news, while substance addiction is a terminal illness, its progression can be arrested at almost any stage. But if you are seeking treatment, it is of the utmost importance that you gain medical advice. Sudden withdrawal, even from "socially acceptable" drugs such as alcohol, can cause death through seizures and coma.

It is crucial that you consult with a medical practitioner that understands addiction and withdrawal. Some well meaning, but uneducated doctors will prescribe large amounts of unsuitable medications that can lead to cross-addiction. This happened to me at one stage, and made a difficult situation worse. If you are addicted to one drug, the likelihood of becoming addicted to others is extremely high.

Wherever possible, detoxification is best carried out in a detox unit, where there is 24 hour patient care. There are a number of these units around the world, and in some cases (especially in Australia) there is no charge for this care.

When world governments begin to understand that the cost in providing this care free of charge is far outweighed by the benefits to society, we will begin to see an incredible drop in poverty, violence and divorce. The cost in providing this care will also be offset by the decrease in need of other hospitalization. 1 in 3 hospital beds in Australia are taken up by people with conditions that can be directly linked to drug abuse. At best, the world health systems overall are only currently providing band-aid solutions to one of the greatest scourges of mankind.

Are you thinking of getting help for yourself or a loved one?… do it now … for tomorrow may be too late. 

If you had terminal cancer, would you do anything about it? 

Substance addiction is a far worse disease in my opinion -it not only destroys the person, but everyone around them.

To those who helped me all those years ago -doctors, nurses, friends and strangers - even though I may not have been appreciative at the time….. my sincerest thank you. My life means something now.

Addiction is a disease, not just a state of mind.

A Review of What Works

Introduction

Alcoholism affects millions of people in the United States alone. According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse (NIAA), a division of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland USA, at least 700,000 Americans receive treatment for this disease every day. Some kinds of treatment, such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) have been around for many years while others are relatively new. Clinical research to determine the effectiveness of these various treatments has resulted in some important findings.

In October 2000 the NIAA released a summary of its conclusions based on fifteen years of research on alcohol treatments. According to the NIAA, self-help programs such as AA, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, either alone or in combination, are in fact effective and do reduce the use of alcohol.

Alcoholics Anonymous

Of all the treatments for alcohol misuse, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is probably the most well known. In AA, a form of "self-help" treatment, participants take part in a series of mental, written and verbal activities that can lead to recovery and abstinence. In one study, alcoholic patients who received inpatient and outpatient psychotherapy, as well as AA, had better outcomes than those patients who attended only one kind of treatment.

It is thought that AA helps people because it provides a new social network that replaces the alcohol abuser’s usual group of friends who drink with him or her, and provides a fellowship that inspires motivation and lends support toward the goal of reaching and maintaining abstinence. AA also teaches a set of coping skills so that, when stressed, the alcohol abuser has more constructive ways of coping, and does not need to turn to alcohol to escape his or her problems.

Another study, conducted at a Department of Veteran Affairs hospital, indicated that those alcoholic patients who underwent either cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or a 12-step program in combination with CBT did better, over the long run, than those who participated in the 12-step program alone. (CBT entails learning coping skills, new ways of interpreting and reacting to stressful situations, and changing one’s destructive or maladaptive behavior patterns.) The patients who received the combination treatment stayed sober longer and were able to hold down a job for longer periods than those patients who received only CBT.

Both of these studies seem to show that a combination of some kind of psychotherapy and a 12-step program such as AA produces the most beneficial results for patients who use alcohol in excess.

Other beneficial treatments

Other promising treatments of alcohol abuse that are being studied include Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET); couples therapy; Brief Intervention Therapy; dual-addiction treatment; and pharmacotherapy.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy: The key component of MET is an interviewing technique conducted by a trained psycho-therapist. The goal of this method is to increase an individual’s degree of motivation to stop drinking and to maintain abstinence. This is accomplished by the therapist gauging the individual’s readiness to change and then adjusting feedback accordingly. An intensive, individualized interviewing strategy, MET was demonstrated to overcome many patients’ disinclination to address their alcohol problem in treatment and increase their willingness to change.
Couples Therapy: Patients who include their non-alcohol abusing partners in their psychotherapy are more apt to attend therapy, and more likely to alter their unhealthy drinking habits. In one model of couples therapy known as Behavioral-Marital Therapy (BMT), communication and conflict-resolution skills are taught. When a relapse-prevention plan was added to this model, alcohol abstinence rates were even higher.

Brief Intervention Therapy: This treatment method usually takes place when alcohol users visit their primary care physicians. It typically entails the imparting of information about the negative consequences of drinking to excess, as well as supportive programs in the community. Two studies, carried out in the United States and Canada, showed that patients did reduce their alcohol consumption as a result of these interventions. This treatment seems to work best with those individuals who are at-risk for alcohol abuse. Those who are already dependent are better off being referred to specialized treatment programs.

Dual-addiction treatment: This method attempts to target both cigarette (nicotine) and alcohol dependencies at once. The use of one of these substances seems to make an individual more susceptible to dependence on the other. The rationale behind dual-addiction treatment is that reducing dependence on one may help a person reduce his or her reliance on the other. Although this is a newer approach to treatment, a recent study seems to suggest that this is indeed the case.
Pharmacotherapy: Finally, if taken on a regular basis, the drug naltrexone, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1995, can be a valuable aid in preventing relapse among recovering alcoholics receiving psychotherapy. Another medication, acamprosate, proved helpful in several European trials. (Editor’s note: It is now undergoing clinical trials in the United States.) Zofran, a medication usually used to prevent nausea during chemotherapy for cancer, was beneficial in the treatment of early-onset (i.e. those who started drinking heavily before age 25) alcoholism. Sertraline (Zoloft), an anti-depressant, was found to be helpful in reducing drinking in those with late-onset alcoholism.

Summary

Using proven methods of evaluating medical therapies, recent research reveals that many effective treatments exist to help people to stop drinking and maintain abstinence. These treatments include self-help groups such as AA, psychosocial approaches and medications.

Continued research in the field of alcoholism is likely to produce highly specific medications that will reduce the craving for alcohol. It will also yield an even broader range of therapies, including those mentioned here, that will improve the alcohol abusing person’s chance for recovery.

Over time, those who suffer from alcohol abuse and/or dependence will have even more and possibly better options for successful treatment. In the meantime, effective treatments already being offered by mental health professionals and community groups have been demonstrated to reduce alcohol use and promise a better life for people who make use of them.

A NIDA-funded study has demonstrated that the relapse rate for heroin addicts increases with time and that the probability of long-run abstinence depends on the age of first drug use. Those who start daily heroin use at a younger age are more likely to relapse than those who start later.

The study, conducted by Dr. Marnik G. Dekimpe of the Catholic University Leuven in Belgium and his colleagues in Belgium and at the University of California, Los Angeles, examined the treatment histories of 846 patients at methadone clinics in central and southern California. The researchers looked at males and females, whites and Chicanos, most of whom started using heroin between the ages of 17 and 25. Subjects were interviewed over a 4-year period during and after treatment to determine the probability of their relapse to heroin use.

The finding that relapse is connected to time suggests the need for long-term periodic monitoring of a former heroin user’s abstinence, Dr. Dekimpe says. The researchers also found drug relapse odds were significantly different across the sociodemographic groups studied, suggesting that prevention resources could be directed to groups at higher risk. No significant differences in relapse probability were associated with either gender or education.

Individuals, who engage in substance abuse use, are often facing more than one issue. Research literature has shown, time and time again, that there is a stereotypical personality that accompanies the addict, rightly named, the ‘addictive personality’. Some characteristics that accompany said individual are as follows:
 

* Impulsivity
* Difficulty in delaying gratification, sensation seeking
* Nonconformity combined with a weak commitment to the goals for achievement valued by the society.
* Social alienation and a general tolerance for deviance.
* Poor tolerance for stress, increased sensation of distress
 

This is being outlined, to assist the lay person in understanding why addicts cannot just stop using drugs. Substance use is not just an action it is in effect a lifestyle. This implies that in order for an individual to stop utilizing drugs, he or she must not only actually stop using but must change aspects of personality that may lead him or her in that unhealthy direction. Once this has been outlined and agreed, the individual next needs to decide a plan of action. It is unadvisable for an individual to attempt to stop using drugs on his or her own. Breaking such habits is difficult for anyone with the assistance of others let alone as a solitary mission.
 

So, now the question comes, inpatient or outpatient?
 

Research conducted over the last few decades indicates that longer treatment periods are associated with more positive outcomes. On average, a treatment period of three months was correlated with more positive results. In the case of substance abuse treatment, this is to mean less incidence of relapse. Patients expressed more positive feelings towards more intense treatment plans. So, those individuals who were in residential treatment and received one on one consistent attention were more likely to indicate a better sense of overall satisfaction in regards to treatment. However, there is little statistically significant difference between outpatient and inpatient long term treatment recidivism. Meaning, long term effects of staying clean do not differ.
 

In order to understand the above findings, one must integrate the information previously presented. In order for substance use to cease permanently, an individual must totally change his or her behavior and surroundings. Going into a residential facility assists in removing one from his or her life. This cuts out locations and individuals that probably assisted in facilitating drug use. One is also in the presence of others with a similar goal. All of these factors are positive and if one can integrate them into his or her psyche, inpatient treatment can longitudinally provide the basis for healthy living. The one factor that proves to sabotage all this is properly presented in one question often asked by residents of treatment programs:
 

What Happens When I Get Out?
 

It is a valid question. In a controlled environment anything is possible. If temptation is outlawed, the individual does not have to utilize his or her decision making skills because in effect, the decisions are made for them. Substance users in this context can be thought of as a child. As children, our parents monitor our behaviors and our actions often giving us the proverbial slap on the wrist if we reach too close to the fire. As adults, we must utilize our decision making skills or else we have the potential to be severely burned. For this reason, substance abuse recovery must take place in small steps with much reinforcement utilized.
 

The main variable shown to influence whether treatment programs work or not is continued monitoring. One study that analyzed outcomes of parolees who participated in treatment communities (TC), either outpatient or inpatient, found that the outcome variable: return to prison, was correlated with longer participation in ‘aftercare’ treatment programs. Thus, those individuals who left prison and had some level of reinforcement, was more likely to stay clean and not return to incarceration.
 

McLellan (2004), a researcher out of the University of Pennsylvania, compares substance abuse treatment to treatment for any other chronic illness. Mclellan point out, that what will make treatment effective is the three following variables noted:
 

* Making treatment options attractive
* Offer options/alternatives
* Constant and continued monitoring of the individual
 

It is no shocker that most people are more inclined to do something they view as positive or attractive. So, first things first, treatment options should be something that the individual in fact beckons to the individuals tastes. Varying options in the form of treatment (i.e group versus individual therapy for instance) keep treatment ‘entertaining’ if you will, thereby making continued treatment as an option. Finally, when an individual leaves treatment he or she needs to continue with what we will call ‘stabilization’. Whether that means switching from residential to outpatient treatment or joining a group like alcoholics anonymous or narcotics anonymous after intense treatment depends on the individual and the program from which he or she graduated.
 

No one program will fit every individual as every person is different. Residential treatment may very well be the best option for some and not for others. It is up to the individual to decide what will suit him or her better. Having said that, when considering substance abuse treatment one must remember that treatment consists of a plan that must unfold longitudinally. Changing one’s behaviors and in effect, one’s personality is a long process which, with proper guidance and support can occur. Like any task worth undertaking it takes time, perseverance and most importantly assistance from those who can help to attain a life free of drug use.

Addiction to drugs and alcohol encompasses more than a behavioral intervention. The reason for this is drug addiction is a complex disease, however, it is treatable. Like chronic illnesses such as hypertension and asthma, relapse can occur with drug addiction even after extended periods of continued abstinence. For this reason, repeated treatments may be necessary. Treatments should be tailored to the individual in order to be more effective and long lasting, therefore allowing people to live long and productive lives.
 

In a study conducted in 2004, 22.5 million American needed treatment for substance abuse. Out of this large number, only 3.8 million received help (NSDUH2004).Leaving substance abuse and addiction cases untreated, though in the short-term can save money, in the long-term can lead to many extraneous costs to society. Some of these things include: court and criminal costs, emergency room visits, prison costs, child abuse and neglect, foster care, welfare costs, healthcare utilization, reduced productivity and unemployment.
 

For every dollar spent on addiction treatment, there is a four to seven dollar reduction in the cost of crimes related to drugs. In 2002, it was estimated that $181 billion dollars was the cost to society for drug use. Over $500 billion was spent when including tobacco and alcohol costs. This includes lost productivity, healthcare and criminal justice costs. Substance abuse programs that are run successfully and efficiently can help society in more than one way. Not only can they assist the person in need, they can also help reduce the amount of sexually transmitted disease that are spread such as HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis. In addition, crime and costs to society can also be reduced. So, the question comes, how can one develop an effective treatment program?
 

Effective Treatment Guidelines
 

Research has been conducted since the 1970s shows that treatment can help people avoid relapse, change destructive behaviors, and take them out of a life of substance abuse and addiction. Treatment tends to be a long term process and can require several episodes of treatment. This research has helped lay down the structure on which effective treatment programs should be based.
 

• Treatment does not need to be voluntary to be effective.
• For certain types of disorders, medications are an important element of treatment, especially when combined with counseling and other behavioral therapies.
• No single treatment is appropriate for all individuals.
• Treatment needs to be readily available.
• Effective treatment attends to multiple needs of the individual, not just his or her drug addiction.
• Remaining in treatment for an adequate period of time is critical for treatment effectiveness.
• Addicted or drug-abusing individuals with coexisting mental disorders should have both disorders treated in an integrated way.
• An individual’s treatment and services plan must be assessed often and modified to meet the person’s changing needs.
• Medical management of withdrawal syndrome is only the first stage of addiction treatment and by itself does little to change long-term drug use.
• Possible drug use during treatment must be monitored continuously.
• Counseling and other behavioral therapies are critical components of virtually all effective treatments for addiction.
• Treatment programs should provide assessment for HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B and C, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases, and should provide counseling to help patients modify or change behaviors that place themselves or others at risk of infection.
• As is the case with other chronic, relapsing diseases, recovery from drug addiction can be a long-term process and typically requires multiple episodes of treatment, including "booster" sessions and other forms of continuing care.
 

An All Encompassing Treatment
 

When treating an individual for addiction treatment, it is important for the individual as a whole to be looked at. Usually, treatment begins with detoxification which is followed by treatment and relapse prevention. Initially, in order to ease the individual into treatment, medications may be needed in order to control symptoms of withdrawal. All encompassing care includes mental health services, medical care and of course aftercare. In order to make sure that someone in recovery continues to stay there is to make sure all bases have been covered. Follow up options such as community or family based recovery support systems can be essential to acquiring and maintaining a life that is free of drug use and abuse.
 

Medications

Medications can help in various different fashions. In some cases, coming off of a substance can be life threatening and medication is necessary. Often times, the symptoms of withdrawal can be so severe that medication is necessary. This is not considered treatment; it is however, the first step in the process of recovery. Going through withdrawal treatment is not sufficient. If one does not receive further treatment, it is like not receiving treatment at all.
 

Using chemical substances can help to establish brain functioning that may have gone awry. At present medications are available to help reestablish pathways for addiction related to heroin, morphine (opioid) and nicotine (tobacco). Other medications are currently being developed for treatment of cocaine and methamphetamines (stimulants) and marijuana (cannabis) addictions.
 

Methadone and buprenorphine act as antagonists on brain receptors which means that they block the pathways which opiates like heroin take. This helps to block the drugs effects, suppresses symptoms of withdrawal and can even reduce the incidence of cravings. Ideally, this helps patients to stop drug seeking behaviors and activities that may be criminally related. Thereby, patients should be more focused on treatment having reduced many outside stimuli.
 

Behavioral Treatments
 

This is a very important part of effective therapeutic treatment. Stopping substance abuse habits is only effective if behaviors change, therefore, attitudes have to be changed so that a healthy lifestyle is maintained. Life skills need to be altered, unhealthy patterns need to be changed. In addition, medication effectiveness is usually better, and this can help people stay in treatment longer which will hopefully improve the likelihood of the individual staying clean.
 

Outpatient behavioral treatment can include a wide variety of programs. Most include group or individual counseling. Some of the more popular forms of treatment include the following behavioral treatment programs:
 

• Motivational Incentives (contingency management), which uses positive reinforcement to encourage abstinence from drugs.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which seeks to help patients recognize, avoid, and cope with the situations in which they are most likely to abuse drugs.
• Motivational Interviewing, which capitalizes on the readiness of individuals to change their behavior and enter treatment.
• Multidimensional Family Therapy, which addresses a range of influences on the drug abuse patterns of adolescents and is designed for them and their families.
 

Residential treatment can be very helpful, even more so for individuals with severe problems. Therapeutic communities are structured programs in which patients remain for half a year to twelve months. Those in treatment usually have long histories of drug addiction, have often been involved in criminal activity and may have reduced social functioning. Treatment communities have become so evolved that they may also be structured to accommodate women who are pregnant or have children. The purpose of treatment communities is to help the individual learn how to behave in society without drugs.
 

In conclusion, with the proper mix of effort on the part of the individual, the proper care by practitioners, medications and community, a formula for success on the part of the substance user can be acquired. With that formula put in motion, an addict can become a former one and go on to live a happy and fulfilling life.

The body’s reaction to the removal of a substance it has become dependent on is called withdrawal. Withdrawal causes craving for more of the substance being removed. The period of time when the body is trying to overcome its addiction is called detoxifica-tion (detox). Detox is the first step in overcoming a substance addiction such as drugs or alcohol. Detox is a pertinent step for the patient is to be successfully rehabilitated.
 

Opiate drugs such as heroin and methadone, and prescription medications including Hydrocodone, Oxycontin, Xanax, Vicodin and Lortab, require medical detox supervision. There are however, other illegal drugs such as marijuana, crystal methamphetamine, and cocaine that do not require medical detox. Since there is psychological dependence associated with these drugs, it would be wise to complete a period of stabilization. The process of drug detox requires the patient to be closely monitored by keeping vital signs, giving support and administering medications if needed. There are numerous withdrawal symptoms or side effects when a patient stops or dramatically reduces drugs after heavy or prolonged use. Those side effects include: sweating, shaking, headaches, drug cravings, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sleeplessness, confusion, agitation, depression, anxiety, and other behavioral changes.
There are two commonly used drugs to enable the patient to feel relief from these symptoms. First, Klonepin, which reduces physical symptoms, and Buprenophex, which is an anticonvulsant. These drugs must also be monitored as cessation produces withdrawal symptoms. Generally, the time period for drug detox is three to seven days under medically monitored supervision.
 

Alcohol detox, like drug detox, is usually accomplished in an inpatient medical facility. Duncan Raistrick identifies the key to a successful, planned detoxification is preparation. Raistrick goes further to detail that the first job of therapy is to bring the patient to a point of readiness to change their drinking behavior. Second, patients need to be given accurate information about what to expect during detoxification.
 

There are two withdrawal categories: minor, meaning early withdrawal and major, meaning late. The severity of withdrawal depends greatly on the duration of alcohol used. Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) falls into three main categories: central nervous system (CNS) excitation, excessive function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), and cognitive dysfunction.5 Richard Saitz, M.D., M.P.H., states, since alcohol enhances gamma-aminobutyric acid’s (GABA) inhibitory effects on signal-receiving neurons, neuronal activity is lowered. This lowering leads to an increase in excitatory glutamate receptors. Tolerance occurs as GABA receptors become less responsive to neurotransmitters, which in turn requires more alcohol to produce the same inhibitory effect. During detox, the GABA is ineffective and unable to suppress the excitatory glutamate receptors. Detox is intended to relieve physical symptoms such as: shaking or tremors, headaches, vomiting, sweating, restlessness, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, Delirium Tremens (DT’s), hyperactivity, and convulsions. Alcohol detox medications are similar to drug detox medications: Buprenophex, certain benzodiazepines and anticonvulsant medications. Alcohol detox completion can take from three to fourteen days.
 

Norman S. Miller notes that medical management of alcohol and drug withdrawal during detoxification often is not sufficient to produce sustained abstinence from recurrent use. Therefore, further addiction treatments are needed to prevent relapse to alcohol and drug use following treatment of withdrawal.
 

In conclusion, drug and alcohol detoxification can effectively prepare the addicted abuser for rehabilitation and treatment.
 

Some physicians believe the withdrawal phase is related closely to the drug addiction - the worse the withdrawal, the more likely the continued use of the chemical to prevent withdrawal. Several factors are key to successful detoxification.
 

1. Acknowledge that there is a problem and decide to do something about it.
2. Get rid of all the drugs and paraphernalia.
3. Drop friends and associates that are tied to our drug problem.
4. Seek and accept spousal support, or support from friends, or relatives.
5. Prepare for symptoms with the support of a professional.
6. If tranquilizer drugs are needed for a few days or longer, they must be handled sensitively, as one addiction can easily replace another.